Sqn Ldr Ali Hamza (Retd) Defence Analyst
Airpower Expert
Fighter pilot, QFI
MSc DSS, QAU (Gold Medallist)
MPhil IR scholar
Airpower Expert
Fighter pilot, QFI
MSc DSS, QAU (Gold Medallist)
MPhil IR scholar
“War is one of the constants of history, and it has not diminished with civilization or democracy” Will and Ariel Durant, The Lessons of History
The statement written above is a testament to the fact that even though the intentions of humans for a peaceful society may not be doubtful, the results have been almost completely on the contrary throughout the recorded history of our civilisation. The wars of the past were primarily fought by armies in the domain of land, subsequently adding naval assets to include the domain of sea in the warfare. It was not until 1903 that airplanes started flying and the world witnessed first military use of domain of the air by Italy in Libyan war of 1911. The period from 1914 to 1945 saw two World Wars and exponential growth in the field of airpower and by the start of Cold War in 1948, the air force had become an equally important service of all the militaries around the world.
The domains of land, sea and air were the only ones for a long time that were used as battlefields in various conflicts. From US fighting in Korean and Vietnam wars to regional Indo-Pak as well as Arab-Israel wars, the paramount importance was giving to kinetic weapons. Though information warfare in form of Psychological Operations (PsyOps) and propaganda against communist regimes was an integral part of US military strategy, the true sense of multi-Domain operations (MDOs) can be gathered by the combined strategy of C2 (command and control) against Iraq in First Gulf War of 1991. The concept of network-centric warfare was rapidly replacing the platform-based tactics of the past. Moreover, it also saw the use of non-kinetic domains for achieving military objectives instead of use of pure force only.
These non-kinetic domains are a direct result of IT revolution and internet 4.0, including fields of cyber, space, AI, information, electronic warfare (EW), unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) or drones, integration of all assets through data fusion, better situational awareness through sensor-fusion and so on. The long list of new battlegrounds and emerging technologies has changed the nature of war. This new art of war is quite different from the use of tactics like attrition of man and machine that was a norm in the past and was preached by the military strategists. The complete annihilation of enemy forces is no more necessary as itsC2 nodes can be taken out by Effect-based operations (EBOs) by using both smart kinetic and non-kinetic means, crippling the command structure and rendering forces on ground useless.
With the advent of doctrines like JADC2 (Joint all-domain C2) and C4ISR (command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance), the importance of cybersecurity and information security has become vital, rather indispensable, for the operational security of modern militaries in any kind of warfare. The conventional wars may have been reduced to low-intensity conflicts (LIC) due to the presence of nuclear weapons, but the hybrid and sub-conventional battles e.g. state-sponsored terrorism by using proxies have been a huge threat. Moreover, the list of non-traditional security threats like economy, water, food, instability in society etc. have become weapon of choice for enemies to undermine a state’s national security.
To bring the discussion in context of South Asia’s security dynamics, one just has to take a look at the regional conflicts since 1998 i.e. nuclearization of Pakistan and India. The strategic stability might have increased, and an all-out war may not be on the cards, but nobody can deny the fact that Pakistan has been facing a threat spectrum from multiple sides including terrorism, economy, pressure from defaming by Indian foreign policy, water crisis, cyber-attacks, information warfare and much more. The state of Pakistan has been fighting this multi-front war and has sacrificed a lot in blood and money, but the need of time is to educate our people on the importance of wars fought not out at the front but within our hearts and minds. Hence, it is important to understand that the nation must back its armed forces and we need to fight this war in all available domains.
To conclude, one must understand that this vast topic of multi-domain warfare needs a lot of attention and brainstorming. As it is multifaceted, the focus here will be on the aspects of cyber and information security (Infosec) to underscore their importance for modern armies. The decision makers in civilian and military top brass are aware of these facts and it is indicated by their policy formulation, but it goes without saying that we have a long way to go. The requirement for data centres on war footing is one of many fundamental requirements to consolidate our information security. A series of articles is required to emphasize the necessity of this for our country and to understand what is infosec, why is it important and how can we incorporate it in our system. By grasping these concepts, we can further enhance our national security and thwart the enemy’s nefarious plans against our homeland.